The effect of different levels of forward speed (4, 6 and 9 km/hr ) and shield position on the performance of ROTARY TILLER was evaluated. The performance parameters were pulverization, inversion, travel reduction, evenness of soil surface and plowing evenness efficiency. The soil texture was clay with 14 - 16% moisture content. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used for statistical data analysis. Experimental means were compared by Dunncan"s multiple range test. Nine treatments representing different levels of speed and shield position were replicated three times. The results showed that the effect of forward speed on the total pulverization, inversion and plowing evenness efficiency was highly significant and its effects on travel reduction and evenness of soil surface were significant and non - signifcant, respectively. The effect of shield position on pulverization and inversion was highly significant and its effect on travel reduction and plowing evenness efficiency was significant. The results indicated that the interactive effect of the two factors on pulverization and inversion was significant and their effect on travel reduction and plowing evenness of soil surface was not significant.

Rice cultivation has been practiced in Iran since 2000 years ago. Now Gillan and Mazandaran provinces are the main producing regions of rice in the country. This crop is also produced in Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan, Zanjan, Sistan and Baloochestan, Kordestan, Kermanshah, Eastern and Western Azerbaijan provinces.Two methods of rice cultivation are direct seeding and seedling planting. The latter is the more common method and produces higher yields. To prepare for seedling planting in the north of the country, two-wheel tractors, large and small plows and levelers are used. However, the advantages of active implements including direct application of power to the soil, hard-pan development and protection, and at the same time superior ability of smoothing the upper layer of the soil, has resulted in extensive utilization of ROTARY TILLER in most rice-producing countries such as India, Japan, Thailand and other southeastern countries of Asia. In spite of the need, this machine has not been designed and manufactured in the country. Thus, the design and development of a ROTARY TILLER for Ashtad 7.5 hp two-wheel tractor was undertaken in this study.First, major specifications of the two-wheel tractor mentioned above were obtained from measurements and manufacturer's data. The basic specifications of ROTARY TILLER were derived from the available references regarding various rice-field TILLERs. Then the different parts of the machine were designed and selected and the machine was designed so that in addition to the working depth, the width can also be varied and adjusted conveniently. The machine width, forward velocity, maximum working depth, and rotor speed are 80 cm, 30 cm/s, 15 cm, and 200 rpm respectively. Field capacity of the machine is 0.11 ha/hr which was calculated from data obtained in field tests.

The aim of this study is to design, fabricate and evaluate a new type of up-cut ROTARY TILLER and to develop correct formulas to estimate its torque and draft force using the laws of classical mechanics. In order to verify the model, a real-sized prototype of the ROTARY TILLER was tested. It was hypothesized that four processes are involved to create the ROTARY TILLER torque, namely soil cutting, soil lifting, soil-metal friction, and soil velocity. Furthermore, it was assumed that the horizontal components of soil cutting and soil-metal friction forces create the required draft of the machine. Based on these hypothesizes, mathematical formulas were developed to calculate torque, and draft requirements of the machine. To facilitate performing necessary calculations, the developed formulas were entered in a worksheet of the MS Excel software. According to the results of this study, the average experimental draft and torque of the machine tilling a silty clay loam soil were 16. 8 N and 12. 8 Nm, respectively. Furthermore, the average theoretical draft and torque of the machine were 13 N and 11. 8 Nm respectively. These promising results can be considered as the accuracy check of the formulas developed herein.

Abstract: In the present study, an electro-hydraulic system for repositioning the soil shield of a ROTARY TILLER was designed, developed, and evaluated to make it automated for performing variable rate tilling operation. The reposition of the soil shield was studied in the opening and closing stages from 0° to 80° and vice versa, with a 10° and 20° increment under laboratory and field conditions, respectively. Under laboratory conditions, the speed average of soil shield reposition in the opening and closing stages were 102.0±9.2 and 79.0±8.7 deg/s, with the time average in opening and closing stages of 0.11±0.02 and 0.15±0.01 s, respectively. The correlation coefficients between the requested position for the soil shield and the position created by the hydraulic actuator under laboratory conditions in both opening and closing states were R2 = 0.99 (RMSE = 0.7 deg). Under field conditions, the speed average of the soil shield reposition at three travel speeds of 2.6, 3.5, and 4.8 km/h in the opening stage were 97.7, 99.1, and 99.1 deg/s and in the closing stage were 77.3, 78.3, and 78.7 deg/s, respectively. The correlation between the requested position for the soil shield and the position created by the hydraulic actuator in both opening and closing states were R2 = 0.99 (RMSE = 1.2 deg) and R2=0.99 (RMES=1.3 deg), respectively. The soil shield repositioning system can be performed in less than 0.3 s in-field, making it an effective and practical tool for performing variable rate tillage.

In this study in order to reducing using of pesticides and herbicides and effective removing of row crops weeds was designed and constructed one row from four rows of mounted tractor ROTARY cultivator in agricultural engineering research institute in Karaj. The power supply source of system was tractor Pto shaft. The main parts comprise transmission unit, tillage unit, adaptation with rows unit was designed then was evaluated performance of machine by RNAM test procedure in Karaj Kamal Abad sugar beet research station. After working of machine in five meters distance and three replications, results proved weeding efficiency is varied between 87%-93% and theoretical field capacity for four rows is 0.6-0.64 hectare per hour and operating costs for ROTARY cultivator is 95% less than conventional-hand working-method.

About 60% of the mechanical energy consumed in mechanized agriculture is used for tillage operations and seedbed preparation. On the other hand, unsuitable tillage system resulted in soil degradation, affecting soil physical properties and destroying soil structure. The objective of this research was to compare the effects of three types of secondary tillage machines on soil physical properties and their field performances. An experiment was conducted in a wheat farm in Jouybar area of Mazandaran as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main independent variable (plot) was soil moisture with three levels (23.6-25, 22.2-23.6 and 20.8-22.2 percent based on dry weight) and the subplot was three types of machine (twodisk perpendicular passing harrow, Power harrow and ROTARY TILLER). The measured parameters included: clod mean weight diameter, soil bulk density, specific fuel consumption, machine efficiency and machine capacity.The effects of treatments and their interactions on the specific fuel consumption, machine efficiency and machine capacity and also the effects of treatments on bulk density were significant (P<0.01). The bulk density decreased 15.3%, the specific fuel consumption increased 11.8%, whereas the machine efficiency and machine capacity increased and decreased with the decrease in soil moisture, respectively. The maximum value of the bulk density and machine efficiency were obtained by the use of ROTARY TILLER and the maximum value of the specific fuel consumption and machine capacity were obtained by the use of power harrow. A criterion was defined for selecting machine type and moisture content for optimum condition. The results suggested power harrow working at soil moisture condition of 24.3% (based on dry weight).

Introduction: The power TILLER is a multipurpose hand tractor designed primarily for ROTARY tilling and other farm operations. Vibration, transmitted from the handles of the TILLER to the operators’ body, causes many injuries such as, pain, musculoskeletal disorders and white finger syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hand-arm vibration exposure in the operators of TILLER model HT900, as the most frequently used model of TILLERs.Material and Method: In this study, 40 operators TILLER of model HT900 in the city of Kashmar, Khorasan Razavi were examined. Hand-arm vibration measurement was done according to ISO 5349-1 and ISO 5349-2 in three different modes including, static and neutral (mode), transition to the ground mode and plowing the land mode in different gears. In order to measure the vibrations, human response vibration meter of B and K model 2512 was utilized.Result: Results of the present study indicated that in all measured situations, exposure to hand arm vibration was higher than the standard limit suggested by Iranian occupational health committee and there was risk of vibration-induced disorders. The maximum exposure to vibration is in plowing ground. Exposure to hand arm vibration in three modes of plowing, transmission and natural, were respectively 16.95, 14.16 and 8.65 meters per second squared. Additionally, in all situations, vibration exposure was highest in the X-axis in comparison with Z- and Y-axes.Conclusion: This study emphasizes on the need to provide intervention and controlling and managing strategies in order to eliminate or reduce vibration transmitted from TILLER to operators hand and arm and also prevent to serious problems including neurovascular disorders, discomfort and white finger syndrome. Meanwhile, more studies are necessary to identify the sources of vibration on different models of TILLER.

Statement of Problem: Total removal of tissues and remnant microorganisms as well as canal shaping is the essential objectives of endodontic therapy. A successful endodontic treatment is obtained through Shilders principals, however; complete observation of this technique using stainless steel files manually is problematic and time-consuming. Modern technology, in order to eliminate such problems, has presented new facilities such as Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) files and engine driven instruments.Purpose: The aim of this in-vitro study was to compare the canal debridement efficiency of three engine driven instruments: ROTARY, Reciprocal and Vertical.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 60 mesial roots of human first and second mandibular molars were divided into three groups randomly. In each sample, one canal was considered as case, the other one as control. Files used in Reciprocal and vertical groups were of handy Ni-Ti type and in ROTARY group, ROTARY Ni-Ti files were used. After debridement, the roots were sectioned at 3mm and 5mm from anatomic apex, stained and examined under light microscope. Comparison criteria between case and control groups were based on residual debris and predentin and the level of root canal preparation and shaping after debridement. Data were subjected to kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test.Results: There was no significant difference between the efficiency of debridement at 3mm and 5mm sections between all groups. But difference in time consumption was significant ranked from the shortest to the longest as ROTARY, reciprocal and vertical.Conclusion: The efficiency of debridement between the three automated instruments was approximately equal, however; the instrumentation time was different between three groups. ROTARY system was the fastest one, as compared with reciprocal (second) and vertical (last). It may be concluded that ROTARY system has a superiority over the other two groups in conventional root canal therapies.

Introduction: There are several sources of noise in an industrial and agriculture environment. Machines with rotating or reciprocating engines are sound-producing sources. Also, the audio signal can be analyzed to discover how well a machine operates. Diesel engines complex noise SPL and sound frequency content both strongly depend on fuel combustion, which produces the so-called combustion noise. …

To optimize the puddling operation in paddy land preparation, the effects of puddling methods and times on some soil physical properties and grain yield and yield components of rice variety Hashemi were evaluated in this research. The experiments were conducted in a split block design in three replications with two factors, puddling method in four levels (power TILLER conventional puddler, power TILLER ROTARY puddler, power TILLER cono-puddler and tractor-mounted rotivator) and puddling times in four levels (from once to fourth) in a silty clay soil. Results revealed that the minimum bulk density (0.801 g.cm-3) and maximum penetration depth of falling cone (13.31 cm), weeding efficiency (60.57 %) and puddling index (54.53 %) was related to puddling with tractor-mounted rotivator and the maximum bulk density (0.872 g.cm-3) and the minimum of weeding efficiency and puddling index (51.52 and 44.50 %, respectively) was belonged to power TILLER conventional puddler. Increasing of puddling times from once to fourth, decreased the bulk density from 0.882 to 0.795 g.cm-3, but increased the penetration depth of falling cone from 9.04 to 12.39 cm and also weeding efficiency and puddling index from 51.78 to 56.54% and from 45.21 to 51.23 %, respectively. The grain yield in puddling with tractor-mounted rotavator and power TILLER ROTARY puddler (3429 and 3401 kg.ha-1, respectively) were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of power TILLER conventional puddler and power TILLER cono-puddler (3346 and 3332 kg.ha-1, respectively). The grain yield increased from 3322 to 3408 kg.ha-1 with the increasing of puddling times from once to fourth, however there were no significant differences between twice, thrice and fourth puddling. In total, results of this research revealed that twice puddling with power TILLER ROTARY puddler or tractor-mounted rotavator can be considered as a proper treatment for puddling operation in silty clay soils similar to experimental site.